Head massage used by traditional shamanistic healers in Lombok and Australia

While observing and researching the various healing traditions of Western Lombok in the mid-1990’s, it soon became apparent to me that popot or pungut (head massage) was a fundamental therapeutic technique used in the treatment of many traditional Sasak medical conditions. Popot as it was commonly known was not only used for the relief of physical pain, such as pineng (headache), neck pain and panggel (sore muscles) but was also employed as a potent treatment in a range of psychiatric and supernatural-induced disorders.

The following photos taken when I was in Western Lombok in 1996 demonstrate the massage strokes used in popot or head massage. Many of these techniques are similar to those that I have observed being used by traditional shamans or mapantjara in the Western Desert of Western Australia. In both cultural settings head massage was applied as a therapeutic technique to resolve numerous physical,  psychological and supernatural conditions and the massage strokes similarly consisted of deep finger pressure and squeezing techniques to the temples, head, neck and shoulders.

In Lombok I observed shamanistic healers (belian) using popot routinely as an adjunct to their healing rituals together with owat (medicinal remedies) and jampi (potent spells).

Pak Bihar a high status belian stated with conviction that ketemuk was the underlying origin of Sasak illness.

According to Pak Bihar, another of my shaman informants, popot and pertuk (hair tugging) are indispensable in evicting the harmful invisible supernatural spirits known as ketemuk from the human body. Popot massage is usually accompanied by peru – the spraying of saliva from the healer’s mouth reeking of an overpowering smell of masticated raw garlic in the belief that jinns – one of the major culprits of ketemuk – have an aversion to strong acrid odours.

To relieve the client’s anxiety the shaman reassures the client verbally throughout the massage that his condition is under control and resolvable. He does this while massaging the restorative pressure points on the client’s shoulders, neck and thorax which promotes a state of relaxation and stimulates normal breathing patterns.

The head massage is concluded by the vigorous pulling of hair located on the midline of the crown between the ears. The belian firmly grasps a lock of his client’s hair, twists it around his index finger and holds the tension for a few seconds while sub-vocalising a potent jampi (spell) to command the hostile spirit to vacate his victim. The healer then jerks the hair upwards and away from the head causing a popping sound (pertuk). For a moment the client appears stunned by the sudden upward jerking action but soon experiences a feeling of relaxation and relief believing that the popping sound is that of the expulsion of the ketemuk spirit which was the cause of his sickness.

The practice of head massage physically and psychologically induces the client into a relaxed frame of mind where they become amenable to the positive feedback and affirmations of the healer. (Macintyre 2017). 

At the conclusion of the head massage the client experiences a feeling of relaxation and calmness and is receptive to the positive suggestions and culturally meaningful diagnosis provided by the Sasak shamanistic healer.

 Head Massage in the Western Desert Aboriginal culture

The techniques of head massage used by traditional Aboriginal healers of the Western Desert are remarkably similar to those which I observed among the Sasak healers of Western Lombok.  In both cases the massage strokes consist of deep finger pressure and squeezing techniques of the head, neck and shoulders, especially around the muscular insertions of the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis and occipitalis muscles. We would suggest that throughout Aboriginal Australia these head massage techniques were well known and practised regularly by shamanistic healers.

Similarly, the Mapantjara shaman of the Western Desert concludes his head massage treatment by taking hold of a handful of hair from the crown of the head, pulling it in an upwards direction while at the same time blowing a cooling breath often containing mapampa (small familiar spirit helpers) onto the affected area.  See my paper on Psychic surgeons of the Western Desert https://anthropologyfromtheshed.com/project/psychic-surgeons-of-the-western-desert/

The client as a result of the head massage and hair tugging treatment experiences a feeling of calmness and in this relaxed state is receptive to the positive culturally accepted explanation for his sickness which is now resolved.  This diagnosis empowers the client to avoid a similar disease-causing situation in the future.